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In its first year, the Biden Administration has embarked on an aggressive domestic agenda intended to offer a variety of economic support to lower and middle class Americans. The American Rescue Plan, passed in March, included direct payments to U.S. households, new investments into safety net programs like food stamps and unemployment, and increases to the Earned Income Tax Credit and Child Tax Credit. The Biden Administration followed this just a few weeks later with two proposals, the American Jobs Plan and American Families Plan, which would dramatically scale up federal spending on a variety of programs for infrastructure, job creation, education, child care, health, food assistance, and tax relief. Biden’s agenda has prioritized a strong role for the federal government in offering financial support to needy Americans and creating pathways to the middle class.
This agenda would represent a new chapter for the U.S. welfare state, building beyond the New Deal programs introduced in the 1930s and the Great Society programs enacted in the 1960s. These earlier programs created a wide-ranging role for the government in protecting disadvantaged citizens from economic harms. Today, public welfare encompasses a variety of government programs whose benefits are contingent on need, such as Medicaid, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), and Supplemental Security Income (SSI).
Because these programs are typically based on demographic and economic factors, they have grown with shifts in the population and economy over time. According to the Census Bureau, in the last 20 years alone, state and local welfare spending has more than tripled in nominal dollars, rising from $233 billion nationally in 2000 to $743 billion in 2019. As a share of total spending, welfare spending has risen from 13.4% of state and local budgets at the start of the millennium to 18.8% in 2019. But even on a per capita basis, spending is up nearly 180% over that span.
And in comparison to other budget items, public welfare is now the single largest category of expenditure in state and local budgets. Welfare spending totals $743 billion, narrowly topping elementary and secondary education spending ($717 billion) and running far ahead of other categories like higher education, highways, and protective services.
While the role of state and local government in welfare spending has grown everywhere, some states invest more than others in welfare programs. There are a variety of reasons why this is the case. For one, states with more liberal politics may choose to invest a greater amount in social safety net programs, which is why many coastal states have greater per capita welfare spending, led by New York at $4,094. Another source of disparities between states is their underlying population or economic characteristics. For instance, states like Arkansas, West Virginia, and Kentucky all spend more than a quarter of their budgets on welfare spending, which is likely due to the fact that they have greater populations of low-income residents who are eligible for state-administered federal assistance programs like TANF or Medicaid.
To determine the states spending the most on public welfare, researchers at Commodity.com calculated total state and local welfare spending per person using the most recent data available from the U.S. Census Bureau. Public welfare spending includes cash assistance payments, vendor payments, and other uncategorized payments administered by state and local governments.
Here are the states spending the most on welfare.
U.S. States Spending the Most on Welfare Per Capita
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15. Maine
- State & local welfare spending per capita: $2,615
- State & local welfare spending as a share of total spending: 25.6%
- Total state & local welfare spending: $3,530,545,000
- Cash assistance payments: $51,375,000
- Vendor payments: $2,473,329,000
- Other public welfare: $1,005,841,000
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14. Kentucky
- State & local welfare spending per capita: $2,640
- State & local welfare spending as a share of total spending: 25.3%
- Total state & local welfare spending: $11,820,221,000
- Cash assistance payments: $171,832,000
- Vendor payments: $10,704,128,000
- Other public welfare: $944,261,000
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13. Delaware
- State & local welfare spending per capita: $2,681
- State & local welfare spending as a share of total spending: 20.5%
- Total state & local welfare spending: $2,645,564,000
- Cash assistance payments: $36,586,000
- Vendor payments: $2,276,331,000
- Other public welfare: $332,647,000
Photo Credit: Sean Pavone / Shutterstock
12. West Virginia
- State & local welfare spending per capita: $2,708
- State & local welfare spending as a share of total spending: 25.7%
- Total state & local welfare spending: $4,832,936,000
- Cash assistance payments: $49,058,000
- Vendor payments: $4,083,045,000
- Other public welfare: $700,833,000
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11. Louisiana
- State & local welfare spending per capita: $2,723
- State & local welfare spending as a share of total spending: 24.8%
- Total state & local welfare spending: $12,647,298,000
- Cash assistance payments: $27,185,000
- Vendor payments: $11,793,321,000
- Other public welfare: $826,792,000
Photo Credit: Sean Pavone / Shutterstock
10. Pennsylvania
- State & local welfare spending per capita: $2,787
- State & local welfare spending as a share of total spending: 22.3%
- Total state & local welfare spending: $35,628,431,000
- Cash assistance payments: $1,591,270,000
- Vendor payments: $28,550,353,000
- Other public welfare: $5,486,808,000
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9. Oregon
- State & local welfare spending per capita: $2,861
- State & local welfare spending as a share of total spending: 20.1%
- Total state & local welfare spending: $12,135,117,000
- Cash assistance payments: $255,356,000
- Vendor payments: $7,309,385,000
- Other public welfare: $4,570,376,000
Photo Credit: Sean Pavone / Shutterstock
8. Vermont
- State & local welfare spending per capita: $2,988
- State & local welfare spending as a share of total spending: 21.5%
- Total state & local welfare spending: $1,862,528,000
- Cash assistance payments: $20,775,000
- Vendor payments: $1,164,720,000
- Other public welfare: $677,033,000
Photo Credit: Sean Pavone / Shutterstock
7. New Mexico
- State & local welfare spending per capita: $3,003
- State & local welfare spending as a share of total spending: 24.2%
- Total state & local welfare spending: $6,324,770,000
- Cash assistance payments: $54,620,000
- Vendor payments: $5,821,877,000
- Other public welfare: $448,273,000
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6. Minnesota
- State & local welfare spending per capita: $3,012
- State & local welfare spending as a share of total spending: 23.6%
- Total state & local welfare spending: $17,039,955,000
- Cash assistance payments: $710,269,000
- Vendor payments: $13,688,638,000
- Other public welfare: $2,641,049,000
Photo Credit: ESB Professional / Shutterstock
5. Rhode Island
- State & local welfare spending per capita: $3,107
- State & local welfare spending as a share of total spending: 24.0%
- Total state & local welfare spending: $3,284,006,000
- Cash assistance payments: $21,856,000
- Vendor payments: $2,960,598,000
- Other public welfare: $301,552,000
Photo Credit: Andriy Blokhin / Shutterstock
4. California
- State & local welfare spending per capita: $3,403
- State & local welfare spending as a share of total spending: 21.1%
- Total state & local welfare spending: $133,978,520,000
- Cash assistance payments: $6,917,786,000
- Vendor payments: $108,643,810,000
- Other public welfare: $18,416,924,000
Photo Credit: ESB Professional / Shutterstock
3. Massachusetts
- State & local welfare spending per capita: $3,574
- State & local welfare spending as a share of total spending: 25.0%
- Total state & local welfare spending: $24,639,146,000
- Cash assistance payments: $529,154,000
- Vendor payments: $22,154,310,000
- Other public welfare: $1,955,682,000
Photo Credit: Marcus Biastock / Shutterstock
2. Alaska
- State & local welfare spending per capita: $3,811
- State & local welfare spending as a share of total spending: 18.6%
- Total state & local welfare spending: $2,786,410,000
- Cash assistance payments: $119,053,000
- Vendor payments: $2,323,495,000
- Other public welfare: $343,862,000
Photo Credit: Victor Moussa / Shutterstock
1. New York
- State & local welfare spending per capita: $4,094
- State & local welfare spending as a share of total spending: 21.0%
- Total state & local welfare spending: $79,165,215,000
- Cash assistance payments: $2,589,581,000
- Vendor payments: $65,848,681,000
- Other public welfare: $10,726,953,000
Detailed Findings & Methodology
The data used in this analysis is from the U.S. Census Bureau’s Annual Survey of State and Local Government Finances and the U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates, covering data from 2019. To determine the states spending the most on public welfare, researchers calculated total state and local welfare spending per person using the most recent data available. Public welfare spending includes cash assistance payments, vendor payments, and other uncategorized payments administered by state and local governments. A full list of definitions from the survey can be found here.
